US-Mexico Water Dispute Intensifies Amidst Severe Drought in Chihuahua

The deepening drought in northern Mexico has ignited a fierce water-sharing dispute with the United States, casting a shadow over the relationship between the two nations. Communities in Chihuahua are facing unprecedented water shortages, with reservoirs at critically low levels, prompting desperate pleas for rain and raising concerns about the future of regional agriculture. At the heart of the conflict is the 1944 water-sharing treaty, which mandates Mexico to deliver a specific quantity of water annually to the U.S. from the Rio Grande. In return, the U.S. supplies water from the Colorado River to Mexican border cities. However, Mexico has struggled to meet its commitments in recent decades, leading to mounting arrears and increasing pressure from the United States, including threats of economic repercussions. The severity of the drought in Chihuahua cannot be overstated. Residents are experiencing scorching temperatures, with local farmers like Rafael Betance, who has monitored the La Boquilla dam for 35 years, reporting that the reservoir is now at less than 14% of its capacity. This dire situation has led to communal gatherings for prayer, highlighting the profound impact of the water crisis on daily life and livelihoods.

The dispute also highlights differing interpretations of the treaty and water management practices. Texan farmers, such as Brian Jones, argue that Mexico is not upholding its end of the agreement and accuse them of hoarding water. Conversely, many in Chihuahua believe their obligation to transfer water only applies when their own needs are met, a condition exacerbated by the ongoing drought.

In an effort to conserve water, some farmers in Chihuahua, like Jaime Ramirez, are adopting modern sprinkler systems to irrigate their walnut groves, significantly reducing water consumption compared to traditional flood irrigation methods. However, the cost of implementing these systems remains a significant barrier for many farmers in the region. Ramirez acknowledges that some neighbors continue wasteful practices, but emphasizes the need for understanding the existential threat farmers face.

“This is a desert region and the rains haven’t come,” Ramirez stated. “If the rain doesn’t come again this year, then next year there simply won’t be any agriculture left. All the available water will have to be conserved as drinking water for human beings.” Many in northern Mexico question the treaty’s suitability in the current era of climate change and population growth.

The dwindling water levels in Lake Toronto also pose a threat to the local ecosystem and the tourism industry that depends on it. As the water warms rapidly, concerns grow about the impact on marine life. The current outlook for the valley is described as the bleakest in decades, leaving many with little recourse but to hope for the return of the rains.

Additional reporting by Angélica Casas.